According to Gall, measuring these distances revealed the sizes of the brain areas underneath, providing information that could be used to determine whether a person was friendly, prideful, murderous, kind, good with languages, and so on.
Initially, phrenology was very popular; however, it was soon discredited for lack of empirical support and has long been relegated to the status of pseudoscience Fancher, Kant agreed with Galen that everyone could be sorted into one of the four temperaments and that there was no overlap between the four categories Eysenck, He developed a list of traits that could be used to describe the personality of a person from each of the four temperaments.
The first axis separated strong from weak emotions the melancholic and choleric temperaments from the phlegmatic and sanguine. The second axis divided the changeable temperaments choleric and sanguine from the unchangeable ones melancholic and phlegmatic Eysenck, According to Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that influence our personality.
Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality. These theorists, referred to as neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they reduced the emphasis on sex and focused more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality.
The perspective of personality proposed by Freud and his followers was the dominant theory of personality for the first half of the 20th century. This theme is found in over works. The fifth group of topics relates the pathological personality and individual and gender differences with the manifestation of pathologies from internalization and externalization.
This personality approach is a factorial type and uses quantitative and semi-quantitative evaluation tools. This topic is present in more than works. The sixth group of topics describes personality in relation to impulsive issues, eating disorders, neuropsychological functions, and affective aspects. Also in this case the investigations are accompanied by the critical analysis of the psychological reagents.
The neuropsychological dimension also links to this group of topics the studies that describe the tools for assessing frontal functions 36 , Attention to the afore mentioned topic produced about studies.
This topic has involved over research studies in the last 5 years. In the seventh group of topics, the personality is investigated in association with psychosis and post-traumatic disorders. This association stems from the implicit assumption that personality determines the terrain on which the traumatic and relational events are grafted that are capable of producing the pathology insofar as they encounter a scarcely resilient constitutional terrain.
The latent concept of this group is the vision of the psychic disorder in which the personality structure and a traumatic event usually relational interact in generating the pathology.
In this sense post- traumatic disorders, psychotic conditions and PDs are united in a single vision of the genesis of mental illness Interest in this theme can be found in over works. In the eighth group we introduced two non-related topics that concern violent criminal behaviors and chronic and degenerative organic diseases and their evolution; these are strong themes for their social and health burden for which personality is considered a determining element Interest in this topic became evident in about studies.
Over studies in the last 5 years have dealt with this topic. The scientific panorama concerning the study of the impact of personality on mental health is clearly described in the eight clusters identified by their latent themes.
We report them below: the conceptual revision of the personality more or less 1, studies ; clinical practice more or less studies ; the biological cause of PDs more or less studies ; development process and natural history of personality pathology more or less 1, studies ; typical symptoms and clinical manifestations associated with personality pathologies more or less 1, studies ; neuropsychological dimension of personality pathology more or less studies ; diathesis-stress theory as an etiopathogenetic model of psychic disorders more or less studies ; social and health impact of personality pathology more or less studies.
The central element from the current scientific discussion is the evolution of the concept of PD from a categorical construct to a dimensional construct that identifies the personality structure not as a disease but as a psychic phenotype produced by the interaction between organism and environment From the analysis of the data it is clear that the interest and the concrete commitment in the scientific community have been more focused, in the last five years, on the concrete aspects related to personality and mental health, in adherence with the recommendations of the international organization, with the most urgent needs expressed by patients, their families, and society as a whole Below we highlight the shortcomings that emerged in our review, indicating the desirable future directions.
In the studies that focus on the relationship between personality and mental health, the dimensional theme is still scarcely present, while the exhortation of the clinical weight of the categorical nosography prevails. The evidence-based approach, built on randomized double-blind trials, was unsatisfactory for many of the most widespread psychotherapeutic approaches and did not compensate for the expectations that had been invested in it In our opinion, this area of investigation requires a commitment much greater than that described by our study, which has identified, in topic 24, just over studies in this regard.
Research on the biological and genetic dimensions of personality pathologies is currently restricted to two major themes, impulsive and violent behavior, and PDs of the psychotic spectrum.
The analysis of the relationship between temperament, neurobiology, and genetics in its widest sense would fill a scientifically unacceptable vacuum in the knowledge of this central aspect of human beings 37 , 43 , Although attention to PDs has been important for at least 50 years, there are very few follow-up studies regarding the development and evolution of PDs. Essential questions about the differences in the pathology of personality related to gender, age, ethnic origin, relational antecedents excluding childhood traumas that explain only part of the phenomenon , and prognosis remain unanswered The typical clinical manifestations of personality pathology, unlike what we can imagine, are not yet well defined and are often confused with some associated manifestations such as the use of drugs.
For example, we still have little data on the sexual functioning or on the basic biological rhythms of individuals with PD and we do not know how to enter this information in the clinical picture and in the treatment plan A more innovative stimulus is given by research concerning neuropsychological functions and personality pathology, currently related to borderline, antisocial, and schizoid disorders.
Although the link between the activity of the frontal lobes and the social functioning of the subjects has always been known, a systematic interest in this study has only been displayed in the last ten years. There is a risk in this research approach that sometimes seems to give in to the reductionist temptation to place the personality in the frontal lobes The etiology of PD is perhaps the least known element of the subject in question.
The study of the interactive dynamics between body, cultural, and relational dimension is in an embryonic phase. This area of investigation needs a powerful effort to get out of the narrow scope of the stress-diathesis model and open up to circular and complex etiopathogenetic models It highlights, again, an approach to the study of personality that makes extensive use of the categorical nosography of DSM-5 The study of personality and mental health still proceeds, prevalently, according to a practical- clinical approach; too little is still moving, instead, according to an innovative research approach, but the topics analyzed to bring to light the common commitment of scholars to a new way of approaching the study of personality that can clarify a theme so complex and still lacking substantial scientific evidence.
Finally, it is necessary to recognize how the personality or some specific pathological traits underlie phenomena of social relevance such as intra- family violence or juvenile crime , health such as the surge of chronic cardio and cerebrovascular diseases , and dysregulation such as affect and behavioral and interpersonal dysregulation and at the time complicate the management of these same phenomena 50 , In this area, scientific research requires multidisciplinary models that integrate sociology, sports medicine, nutritional medicine, and AI technology tools 52 , To implement the change in the scientific paradigm of reference, the only viable path seems to be that of a widespread and serious commitment in scientific research, as a strategy for achieving greater knowledge that can also be translated into plans for preventive interventions for personal wellbeing and public mental health.
It is hoped that the study approach presented in this review will be reflected in the academic as well as clinical, to spread a different way of conceptualizing and treating the personality according to the already existing dimensional method. This study has the following limitations. This study did not include exploratory factor analysis 54 , global network analysis 55 , and number of papers by countries 56 — 60 as reported in other studies of LDA 61 — NM and MM reviewed the manuscript.
All authors approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Core and surface characteristics for the description and theory of personality differences and development. Eur J Personal — Major theories of personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry —8. The relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms, and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes.
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Mol Neurobiol 55 7 — Anabolic androgenic steroids: searching new molecular biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 9 Clin Psychol Rev — The latent structure of personality functioning: investigating criterion a from the alternative model for personality disorders in DSM J Abnor Psychol Cluster analysis reveals risk factors for repeated suicide attempts in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Asian J Psychiatr — Personality disorders in DSM emerging research on the alternative model.
Curr Psychiat Rep Furnham A, Petropoulou K. Mental health literacy, sub-clinical personality disorders and job fit. J Ment Health 28 3 — Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona , which refers to a theatrical mask worn by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their identities.
At its most basic, personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. It is believed that personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. While there are many different definitions of personality, most focus on the pattern of behaviors and characteristics that can help predict and explain a person's behavior.
Explanations for personality can focus on a variety of influences, ranging from genetic explanations for personality traits to the role of the environment and experience in shaping an individual's personality.
So what exactly makes up a personality? Traits and patterns of thought and emotion play important roles as well as the following fundamental characteristics of personality:. There are a number of theories about how personality develops , and different schools of thought in psychology influence many of these theories. Some of these major perspectives on personality include the following. Type theories are the early perspectives on personality. These theories suggested that there are a limited number of "personality types" that are related to biological influences, including:.
Trait theories tend to view personality as the result of internal characteristics that are genetically based and include:. Psychodynamic theories of personality are heavily influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud and emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind on personality.
Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, often ignoring the role of internal thoughts and feelings. Behavioral theorists include B. Skinner and John B. Humanist theorists include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. A personality is also a famous person , esp. He has a dynamic personality, makes excellent decisions , and is a true leader.
The real issue is about personality clashes with management. In England and Wales , a partnership does not have separate legal personality.
A corporate personality can become a tangible asset. Product personality is determined by how a product looks and how it is perceived. See also brand personality. Examples of personality. Parrish is excellent on social history and on personalities. From the Cambridge English Corpus. In the first instance, democracy is built by the institutions, not by the personalities. The pooling of resources, personalities and skills is essential for a forward-looking approach to education.
Among other research it led to a series of studies- mostly carried out in the s and s- of the personalities of very creative people. First, evocative child-context effects result from the differential responsivity of social environments to children of different temperaments and personalities. How shall we speak of children's personalities in middle childhood? The contrasting personalities of the fitness-instructors influenced how they interpreted their particular training curriculum.
He held that individuals with flexible, resilient and self-aware personalities were most likely to benefit from reviewing their past through reminiscence. People with dementia are presented as people with unique biographies, personalities and life circumstances, all of which interact with the neurological impairment. The story is told that there are two personalities among psychologists, optimists and pessimists, who see the glass as half full or half empty, respectively.
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