They illustrate the grandeur of the imperial institution from the Qing Dynasty to the earlier Ming and Yuan dynasties, as well as Manchu traditions, and present evidence on the evolution of this architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since the collapse of the Qing dynasty, much attention has been paid to the conservation of the property.
The designated property area includes all elements embodying the values in the creativity, influence, historic evidence, and architectural exemplar, with the historical scale, architectural types, and other components, as well as the techniques and artistic achievements of Chinese palace buildings after the 15th century, particularly in the 17th to 18th century, well preserved.
Various embodiments of the court culture in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the features of the lifestyles of and the exchange and integration between the Manchu and Han peoples have been well retained. The buffer zone protects the spatial positions of the complexes in the cities and their settings. The Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang, particularly the Forbidden City, genuinely preserve the outstanding embodiment of Chinese hierarchical culture in the layout, design and decoration of the building complex.
The highest technical and artistic achievements of Chinese official architecture, conveyed by wooden structures, are preserved in an authentic way, and traditional craftsmanship is inherited. Various components of the Palaces bearing witness to the court culture of the Ming and Qing dynasties are retained, reflecting the lifestyle and values of the royal family of the times.
The Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang genuinely preserves the historical arrangement of Manchu palace buildings, the style and features of local buildings and information on the exchange between Manchu and Han nationalities in lifestyle in the 17th and 18th centuries.
After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, the two palace complexes were declared by the state as the Palace Museums in and respectively. In , they were among the first group of the State Priority Protected Sites designated by the State Council, and were repaired and protected according to the conservation principles of cultural relics.
As a result, all the main buildings and majority of ancillary buildings have remained intact. All of these laws and regulations have detailed prescription on the protection of the settings of the Imperial Palaces, providing legal, institutional and managerial guarantee to the maximal protection of the authenticity and integrity of the property, and ensuring a better safeguarding of this outstanding cultural heritage site for all human beings.
In future, integrated protection of the values of the Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties will be conducted through implementing and improving the conservation management plan, adhering to the conservation principle of minimal intervention, and improving the scientific and technological measures, so as to ensure the sustainable protection of the authenticity and integrity of the property. All the regulations concerning the protection and management of the Imperial Palaces should be strictly implemented, and the number of tourists, especially in the Forbidden City, should be effectively controlled, so as to reduce the negative impact on the property.
The protection of the setting should be strengthened, especially that of the Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang. The needs of the stakeholders should be coordinated to maintain the rational and effective balance between the protection of the Imperial Palaces and the development of tourism and urban construction. The research on interpretation and promotion should be enhanced to better showcase the scientific, historic and artistic values of the Palaces to tourists from home and abroad and provide spiritual enlightenment and enjoyment to people, in order to give play to the social and cultural benefits of the Imperial Palaces in a reasonable way, and promote the sustainability of the protection of the Imperial Palaces within the context of the development of the cities.
About us. Special themes. Major programmes. For the Press. Ancient design principles. The Forbidden City is, today, synonymous with Beijing, but its story actually begins in a city almost 1, kilometers miles to its south: Nanjing. It appeared that Nanjing would remain China's capital for as long as the Ming were in charge, and when Zhu Yuanzhang died, his grandson and chosen successor continued to rule from the city.
However, one of Zhu Yuanzhang's sons, Zhu Di, who established a power base in Beijing, had other ideas. In the summer of , after a three-year conflict between Zhu Di and the emperor, the imperial palace in Nanjing was razed by fire, apparently killing the emperor and his family. Zhu Di claimed the throne for himself, becoming known as the Yongle Emperor and establishing Beijing as the national capital. There he built an imperial palace to dwarf that of his predecessor to the south.
The Forbidden City, as it would later become known, was completed in , and required a workforce of hundreds of thousands, using materials from across the country: precious timber from Sichuan in China's far southwest; fine gold leaf from Suzhou, near Shanghai; clay bricks from Shandong to the east.
Though the marble came from a quarry only 31 miles 50 kilometers west of Beijing, some of the largest pieces were so heavy that they could only be transported during the winter, when water was poured onto the road to create an icy surface across which the stone could slide -- when pulled by a team of thousands. Decorative elements on the roof of a building in the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City's original architects drew design principles from the second-century B.
Symmetry was crucial, with a city's boundaries marked by a square wall. The text decreed that roads, starting from gates built into these walls, were to run east to west and north to south across the city. At the very center of the complex, protected by yet another wall, should sit the ruler's palace.
Looking at maps of the square, walled inner-city of old Beijing, with the palace at its center, the influence of these ancient principles upon the Yongle Emperor's architects are obvious. Even the Forbidden City's smallest design details are rich in symbolism, from its golden yellow tiles -- a color linking the emperor to the sun -- to the ceramic animals that line the corners of the palace roofs.
The dragon stands for the emperor and the power invested in him, the phoenix signifies virtue and the seahorse brings good fortune.
The palace walls and supporting columns were washed with red clay from Shandong province; again, a color associated with the emperor, who wrote his edicts in red ink. Though emperors of the Qing dynasty added some new buildings and gardens, the layout of the palace has remained fundamentally the same since it was completed in Yet, as soon as construction finished, the Forbidden City was threatened by what would become a perpetual nemesis: fire.
The palace buildings, primarily made of wood, were vulnerable to lightning strikes, the open flames used for lighting and heating, and even pyrotechnic displays. To combat the risk of fire, hundreds of metal vats were placed around the palace to collect water they were heated with small fires during the winter to stop the water freezing and early lightning conductors were built onto higher roofs. Still, there were regular fires, as well as earthquakes, over the centuries.
As a result, almost all of the buildings of the Forbidden City are later reconstructions of the originals -- the Hall of Supreme Harmony, for instance, has been rebuilt seven times since its first construction. Decades of conflict. Conflict has also posed a regular threat to the Forbidden City. In , most of the palace was destroyed at the hands of rebel leader Li Zicheng.
After the Ming dynasty fell, Li occupied the city for 42 days, until he was forced out by the Manchu forces who would establish the next ruling dynasty, the Qing. As he left, his troops set fire to the palace compound, destroying most of its buildings. It would take decades for the Qing to finish the reconstruction work. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, a series of domestic uprisings and foreign conflicts also threatened the Forbidden City, as the Qing began to lose their grip on the country.
These culminated in the Boxer Rebellion of , and the most serious infringement to the sanctity of the Forbidden City in over years. The Boxers were an anti-foreign, anti-Christian sect who besieged Beijing's foreign community for 55 days that summer.
When international troops arrived to relieve the beleaguered international residents, the ruling Empress Dowager, who had supported the Boxers, fled with her court to Xi'an, more than miles to Beijing's southwest, leaving the palace empty. Its buildings had already been damaged by shelling, and some in the foreign community questioned whether it might be a good idea to burn the palace down altogether.
The opening time is - from April to October, and - from November to March. However, it is closed on Mondays except public holidays. See more: Forbidden City Opening Hours. Is photography allowed in the Forbidden City? Yes, it is. Photography is permitted for private use outdoors throughout the Forbidden City, except sites or areas with "No Photography" signs, but the use of tripods and flash is prohibited in both special and permanent exhibition halls.
How many cultural relics are on exhibition in the Palace Museum Forbidden City? What was the Forbidden City built? It was built as the palace for emperors and their households to live in, as well as the political and ritual center of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Who lived in the Forbidden City?
Fourteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty and ten emperors in the Qing Dynasty - worked and lived there with their imperial families. Which palaces did emperors live in? How many rooms are there in the Forbidden City? It's said that there are 9, However, according to a filed survey conducted in , there are altogether 8, rooms in the Forbidden City.
What is the Forbidden City famous for? Are there Toilets in the Forbidden City? Answers App. Palace of Heavenly Purity Meridian Gate 3. See more: Forbidden City Opening Hours It says that there are How did they figure in a half room? Since ancient times, there is a folk legend that the Forbidden City has However, based on the latest counting, Forbidden City has 9, rooms, not the legendary 9, Where is the exit from the North exit along the central axis?
Where is the nearest subway station near the north exit.
0コメント